March 12, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
If a traffic signal’s cycle is too long or too short, will the DOT change it?
Possibly. If your opinion is that a signal’s cycle is too long or too short, you could contact the DOT or county or municipal road maintenance department and speak to the traffic engineering department about it.
However, it may also be their opinion that the cycles is just fine, thank you. Unless, of course, many people besides yourself have complained about the same intersection.
The good news is that most municipalities will monitor traffic flow at busier intersections periodically, and will note that traffic backs up beyond normal at busy or not-so-busy times of day, and can make recommendations to the traffic engineers that such-and-such an intersection appears to have inordinate back-ups or delays due to the length (too short or too long) of the light signal.
How does DOT decide whether a traffic signal should be installed at an intersection?
Since I’ve never worked for the USDOT or any state DOT, I am going to hazard an educated guess, having worked on several private road or street projects with various DOT’s.
Similar to what I said in the previous segment, the DOT will monitor traffic using pneumatic road tubes across roads or streets in various locations, such as where it is evident that more homes are being built, a school will be built, or commercial development is taking place.
If it is noted that an area has an elevated traffic flow, and that traffic is getting too heavy or backed up at a STOP sign, for instance, the DOT or municipal road department will frequently add a traffic signal at that intersection. Increasingly, and unfortunately in my opinion, municipal and county road departments are using “roundabouts,” which in my opinion are a hindrance to traffic flow unless it’s a low traffic intersection, and if that is the case, it costs maybe $1500-2000 to add 4-way Stop signs, but roundabouts cost upwards of $50,000 on the low-end.
Most municipal road departments also know, because of various building permitting processes, where a school or shopping mall will be built, and often part of the requirements for putting in the shopping mall will be for the commercial construction firm to add new streets, traffic signals, and various traffic control signs or signals, like electronic crosswalk signs.
How do the standards for traffic signals accommodate the needs of color-vision deficient drivers? Would it be better to add shapes to the signal indications to help the color-vision deficient to identify what signal is on?
Traffic signal lights are very bright LED’s, so if a person has color-deficient vision, more commonly known as “color blindness,” they are required under current law to know that green is on the bottom, yellow is in the middle, and red is on the top.
In our opinion, there is no need to add shapes to the current configuration, but if you want to start a signal manufacturing firm that could popularize this idea, then lobby some congressmen to pass a law, you could make yourself a literal fortune. That’s how it’s done these days. Provide a semi-useless idea, make some high-powered friends, cut them in on some of the profits, and voila! You’re rich!
Click here for more about traffic signs as approved by the US Department of Transportation.
Barry K. Brown has been in the Sign, Banner, Decal and Display Business for over 20 years. It isn’t what he thought he’d do with his life, but he says he knows too much now to do anything else!
He has been marketing these products online since 1998, and the company he was general manager of in 1998 was the first sign company to be listed on Yahoo!
He invites you to check out and like his Official Facebook page. Official Facebook page.
March 11, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
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March 10, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
Are used to cut or level a paint film surface with an abrasive machine polish (or compound) or to apply a polish to large surface areas. Aggressively removes 1500 – 2000 grit scratches, but will leave hazing, use a foam pad and a finishing polish to eliminate. Wool pads are made from various mixtures of wool and other materials (natural wool, foam and wool, blended wool and synthetic wool) Like foam a wool pads abrasive ability is closely tied to its composition i.e. generally the softer the wool the less aggressive the cut
Paint Removed by Polishing
Using a medium abrasive polish and a rotary polisher will remove approximately 0. 1 Mil (3 (Microns)) from the paint surface (typically 4 passes at 1500-1800 RPM) but there are many variables such as polish/compound and speed / pressure used that may affect the paint removed) There comes a point when you must judge wither removing a scratch will compromise the clear coat and if so youll have to live with the imperfection.
If you have reservations about the amount of paint surface removed or the amount of paint coating remaining the use of a paint thickness gauge (PTG) is arbitrary
These numbers are offered as a guide only, as there are too many variables to provide any more than an approximation.
Wool pad compositions
Manufacturers control a pad’s aggressiveness by increasing or decreasing the nap height. As you shorten the length from a 1.5 inch, down to a 1- inch nap, the pad becomes much more aggressive because the individual wool strands are able to stand on end more readily. This creates a scrubbing action whereas the 1-1/2 inch strands lay down almost immediately when used.
Natural wool is most aggressive – 50/50 wool/acrylic blends intermediate – lambs wool the least aggressive Always use the least aggressive product first, evaluate the surface, then only if necessary `step-up’ to a more abrasive product and / or pad.
Natural wool
Leaves clear coat finishes with less haze and swirls than conventional polishing pads, fibres can be compressed and still recover their natural shape, less shedding, as they are manufactured with more fibres per square inch than synthetic wool pads. A denser pile surface distributes and applies material evenly and consistently, natural fibres are tapered with no splattering of applied materials and less scratch marks.
Micro Mesh TufBuf Polishing Pads
Black Lambs wool polishing pads are designed to repair clear-coat finishes, made from natural lambs wool, durable, well-balanced and effective that major automotive manufacturers use them, leaves clear-coat finishes with less haze and swirl than conventional foam or wool polishing pads.
The dense 0.75 inch nap material has 60,000 fibres per square inch versus 13,000 per square inch for synthetic pads, this nap surface distributes and applies material evenly and consistently. This very soft 100% lambs wool pad can be used for final (finesse) polishing as its even softer the LC CCS
Gold Ultra soft foam
Foam and wool
These pads are a compromise with the safety of foam and the polishing ability of natural wool; a patented process encapsulates the base of the lambs wool fibres with microscopic polyurethane foam particles. Cuts like natural sheepskin but finishes like a foam pad, the foamed fibres resist matting and compression. The foaming process also creates minute air pockets at the base of the fibres, which improves cushioning and retention of compounds and polishes.
Purple Foamed Wool Pad
Foamed Wool is a patented process that places a bottom cushion of microscopic polymer foam particles under a top layer of lambs wool fibres. Lake Country Mfg. developed these pads for high production, OEM/Industrial users. Aggressively removes 1500 grit scratches, leaving a lustrous finish with no hazing by reducing compounding swirls while retaining a high gloss Patented process encapsulates the base of the lambs wool fibres with microscopic polythene foam particles. Cuts like natural sheepskin but finishes like a foam pad. Foamed fibres resist caking and matting, foaming process also creates minute air pockets at the base of the fibres, which improves cushioning and retention of compounds and polishes.
Note- not recommended for random orbital machines (Porter Cable 7424, etc)
Blended wool
A mix of wool and synthetic materials, this could be wool and yarn for cutting, wool and polyester for polishing, the more synthetic material content the more abrasive the pad.
Synthetic wool
This material produces heat very rapidly, so be very careful with these pads as they can quickly cause damage to a paint surface and can cause major surface marring a four-ply twisted synthetic wool pad can destroy a clear coat in a very short time.
4 Ply 100% Twisted Wool
Each strand of high grade wool fibre is tightly twisted, allowing our pad to stay at a consistent level of aggression for longer periods of operation. Choose 3 inch, 4inch, and 5inch diameters with a 1/2inch or 3/4inch pile height.
Choose shorter pile for your most aggressive compounding and longer pile for aggressive compounding with greater durability.
50/50 Wool Acrylic
A unique fibre combination for light compounding comprised of 50% 4 ply twisted wool and 50% single strand wool/acrylic blend. Allows the operator to accomplish a range of light compounding to heavier polishing tasks depending on the compound or polish used.
Electrified White Sheepskin
The electrification process removes the microscopic barbs from the hairs in the wool resulting in a soft and effective compounding material that does not scratch the painted surface. Choose 3 inch, 4inch, and 5inch diameters with a 1/2inch or 3/4inch pile height.
Wool Pros & Cons
Pro -faster cutting generates less heat and therefore leaves the surface cooler, removes heavy oxidation much more efficiently than a form pad. Wool pads are easier to control compared to foam. They glide as the wool nap lies down and will conform to vehicle body shape easily. Make certain to spur the wool fibres when it loads up with product.
Con -wool can leave micro marring (buffer trails) finish with a foam pad to remove. Dont overwork the polish as wool will break diminishing abrasives faster than foam, the surface lubricants will dry up faster and you could end up dry buffing unless youre careful.
General notes
1.Cut with wool pads; (foam produces the most surface friction heat) and finish with foam pads, the fibres of the wool pad leave a very fine micro marring on the paint surface.
2.Speed, the general rule is; limit speed on wool pads to 1500 RPM The bigger the pad the faster the cut, the coarser the compound, the faster the cut, the more aggressive the pad, the faster the cut Wool cuts faster than lambs wool, foamed wool is next and then foam. You pay the price for polishing too fast with swirl marks caused by the compound and pad combination.
3.Compared to foam; wool pads have a larger available cutting surface area per square inch, which is due to the structure of the individual wool fibres compared to that of foam, allowing faster cutting action with less friction heat, utilizing less downward pressure
4.The application of water – is not needed to supplement surface lubrication, but it helps to free the abrasive from sticking to the wool fibres. It also helps the pad to conform to surface contours more easily, effectively increasing the surface-area. Note- it may increase the abrasive abilities of the pad.
Urethane Backing Plates
Used by BMW, Mercedes and other European automakers in their assembly plants.
Advantages of Flexible, Urethane Backing Plates
The Velcro brand fastening material is moulded into the plate eliminating delaminating.
The flexible edge reduces spontaneous heat build-up when transitioning from flat to contoured surfaces. These plates are recommended for compounding, polishing and finishing “soft” German clear coats.
Vastly reduced heat transfer keeps motor heat from being transferred to the paint surface.
Plated steel threaded insert will not cross-thread.
Reinforced inner construction uses steel struts moulded into the centre hub for superior strength.
Bevelled outer edge allows easy pad removal and replacement.
5/8 inch x 11 female thread is for US/CA rotary fitting.
UK/EU is M14
Lake County (LC) – 43-125WH Grip Easy Moulded Urethane (5/8″ x 11) 4 7/8″ (125mm)
3M Perfect-it III Rotary Backing Plate – 125mm two different female thread sizes; M14 EU (09552) for use with threaded rotary polishers – Makita 9227CB and Metabo PE12-175) and a 5/8 inch for US / CA (09553) made from an impact resistant synthetic nylon plate bonded to a 25mm thick layer of dense cellular foam. The highly flexible design allows for very easy transitioning from flat to contoured surfaces and the hook and loop backing material enables quick and easy pad changes.
Always use the recommended size backing plate for the sized pad you are using. Never use a backing plate that is larger than the foam pad or disc.
March 8, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
Welding is a process using heat or pressure to join together materials such as metal or plastic. This is a common way to join metals, and is used in the production of many goods, including automobiles, ships, trains, buildings, and bridges. Though similar to the acts of soldering and brazing, welding is distinguished from these other methods in that a weld melts the metals together, while soldering introduces a softer substance that is melted and then used to hold the original pieces together without actually melting them.
Welding has developed greatly since its conception thousands of years ago. Thanks to modern technologies, welders work with much greater precision and weld stronger welds than in the pre-19th century, when forge welding was the only technology and metals were welded by blacksmiths beating them together over hot coals. The first World War created a surge forward in welding technologies, as the many countries looked into better and more efficient ways of welding ships and planes for the war. As welding technology has increased, welding as become more robust and can now be performed by hand or automated by machines and even robots. Welding can be performed in a variety of environments, including under water, and welding equipment can be very portable. Despite these advances, welding remains dangerous, with risk to the welder of burns, exposure to poisonous gases and eye damage.
Today some of the more common methods of welding include gas welding, arc welding, resistance welding, spot welding, electron beam welding, laser welding, and robot welding.
Gas welding, properly called “oxy-fuel welding,” and commonly referred to as “oxyacetylene welding,” is a process in which gas an oxygen are mixed to produce a high enough temperature at the torch to melt the edges of the metal being worked with. Thus oxy-fuel welding typically requires two tanks, one of oxygen, and another for the fuel being used. This is one of the oldest techniques for welding, and is still commonly used, in part because the equipment is easily portable. It is no longer commonly used in industrial welding, but is still often used for basic welds such as welding pipes together.
Arc welding is performed by creating an arc of electrical current between an electrode and the material being welded so as to attach the materials by melting them together. Arc welding is commonly used in industrial applications because of its low cost. A common problem with arc welds is that the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere can cause welds to be brittle and weak. This is overcome by introducing shielding gasses such as hydrogen, argon, and helium.
Resistance welding uses physical pressure combined with heat produced by the resistance of electrical current passing through the materials being welded. Resistance welding melts just enough of the materials to join them together when they are put under physical pressure. This method is popular because it is easily automated and economical at a high rate of production, though initial equipment cost can make this method cost prohibitive at lower production rates.
Spot welding is a specialized form of resistance welding (see above) used to join up to four sheets of metal together. In spot welding two electrodes are used to clamp metal sheets, applying pressure and passing current through them. This method is easily automated and energy effiecient, making it popular for industrial applications, particularly in automotive assembly.
Electron beam welding bombards the materials being welded with a beam of high velocity electrons, the impact of which produces heat, melting the materials and welding them together. The electrons are produced by heating a hot cathode emitter made of tungsten. This method is very precise, and used in the production of aerospace and semiconductor parts.
Laser beam welding makes use of a laser to join multiple pieces of metal together via its concentrated heat source. This method is both precise and powerful, with little heat escaping the specific welding zone, and the laser able to send heat deep into the metals welded. Laser beam welding is commonly automated and used in industrial applications such as automotive assembly.
Robot welding does not employ a different welding technique, but is distinct because of its level of automation. Robot welding is the latest technology in welding automation, and is able to perform all steps in welding, including the preparation and handling of materials. This is what sets robot welding apart from automated welding, in which a human operator is still required to prepare materials and run the automated machines. Robot welding is used in high volume production operations, such as automobile assembly.
March 6, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
Looking for first car is like looking for a life partner. You must know the quality. In the car last criterion can be described as brand, price up to the network after sales sevice it. So.. like what is the detail of these criteria?
For your first car, choose a car that has a price to suit your pocket, for the entry level, we recommend the 4×2 low, such as the Toyota Avanza is the right choice. Why?
Toyota Avanza affordable price with features that are quite complete. In addition to VVT-i engine that stubborn, stylish design and a large cabin space, Avanza is also equipped with power windows, power door locks and air conditioner. It would be better if the car brand you choose has a network of funding institutions, it is easier for you to get credit financing institutions.
When buying a car, of course we also must think about the cost of care of the car. Avanza also be the most suitable car for your first car, the Toyota Through regular service every multiple of 10.000 km and also free service costs up to 50,000 km, making the cost of Toyota Avanza care is very affordable.
What about fuel consumption? Despite having a fairly large dimensions, with VVT-i engine, Avanza has a very efficient fuel consumption, matched with first-entry pockets buyer.
Sales service becomes a very important thing, where you as someone who just has a car needs to learn a lot and do not want to be bothered. Let’s look again Toyota, with a clear periodic service programs each multiple of 10,000 km makes Toyota owners, especially first time users of the car has its own serenity. How could I not, with the ease and low cost service that no longer make a fuss consumers. Especially with the service workshops spread throughout Indonesia, you do not have to worry about prior to performing services outside the city.
Along with economic development, perhaps you will sell it back the first car in the future?
Look for cars with big brand name, this will certainly push up the selling price of the car. In addition to quality that is guaranteed of course because many devotees. Toyota Avanza and it has a truly magical price, sale price of Toyota Avanza 2006 in the market is now more expensive a few million of the purchase price. Buying a Toyota Avanza become an investment of your money.
Toyota Avanza become the biggest-selling car immovable for three consecutive years, 2006, 2007 and 2008, beating nearest rivals, Nissan Grand Livina, Daihatsu Xenia, even Toyota Kijang Innova, according to data from the Motor Vehicle Industry Association of Indonesia (Gaikindo). Why Avanza so phenomenal in the eyes of consumers?
Avanza appreciated by the public because it is very suitable as a first car, the quality is excellent, fuel efficient, the price was affordable, and after sales network of Toyota’s strong throughout Indonesia. And another thing, the value of selling the product this one is quite high.
Because some of these advantages, Avanza rising directly into best-selling car in Indonesia. Status of family cars are attached to the Toyota Avanza MPV seven passengers make selling like hotcakes. Even up to age nearly five years to date sales reached 270 thousand units more.
Since first introduced in 2004, Avanza unshakable rule the market, not only in class but also the best-selling cars in Indonesia in recent years. Recognition of the quality of products and services can also be seen from the various awards received, both from media and independent pollsters.
Under conditions in crisis or when fuel prices are rising, demand for Avanza was not disturbed, even customers willing to wait at least 2-3 months to get it. This shows the credibility of the Toyota Avanza which for nearly 5 years of its appearance more and more accepted by society very well. This is also the lead Avanza get a lot of awards from various automotive media in Indonesia.
The superiority of Avanza can also be traced from the used car market. “Every day there is a search for Avanza resale.”, Explained one of the used car showroom owners. Not surprisingly, the Avanza is the most liquid vehicle if a sudden need of funds.
Avanza is phenomenal. New Avanza even selling price is higher than the current mark the purchase price. This is because Avanza fits with the character of Indonesia. In addition, the Avanza is also easy maintenance, efficient, load a lot and have a Toyota brand.
In addition, PT. Toyota Astra Motor also allows users with a regular service program each multiple of 10,000 km to keep the vehicle still excellent and powerful.
For further information about the newest price of this great MPV, please visit Harga Toyota Avanza at Toyota Surabaya Dealer.